This man’s name was Maximilien Robespierre

This man’s name was Maximilien Robespierre.

He was a middle-class lawyer in France, a young man with a powerful mind and an even more formidable voice. His speeches, even during his days in law studies, were legendary. And as an ambitious middle-class man of letters, Robespierre could not have been born into a time with more opportunity for his advancement.

Later in life, Robespierre could recall a story from when he was a law student. The king, Louis XVI, came through in an ornately decorated carriage. Robespierre, an outspoken young man, approached the carriage with a petition. But Louis ignored him, keeping his head held high and not even acknowledging his existence.

Robespierre never forgot this personal slight, nor did he fail to recognize the greater societal issues at stake. When the fires of revolution began to smolder in 1780s France, he was right on the frontlines, elected as a deputy to the National Assembly.

Robespierre’s associations with the Jacobin Club and its powerful members, as well as his fiery orations in the National Assembly and later the National Convention, led to his swift rise as one of France’s most prominent revolutionary figures. He helped lead and inspire France as it struggled with internal insurrection, war with Austria and other nations of Europe, and the trial and execution of the king.

After the destruction of the Girondist political faction in mid-1793, which had been a rival of the Jacobins, Robespierre was added to the Committee of Public Safety, which essentially became a board of dictators orchestrated by Robespierre. The Girondins were just the start of revolutionary forces turning inward on the revolutionaries themselves.

Robespierre launched a series of trials, persecutions, and executions that became known as the Reign of Terror. It started with fairly uncontroversial attacks on political enemies and nobles, but it eventually spiraled out of control. Robespierre began targeting almost indiscriminately, accusing and executing people on loose evidence. Most notoriously, Georges Danton and Camille Desmoulins, two great figures whom many saw as heroes of the revolution, were killed by the guillotine in April of 1794.

The guillotine, euphemistically dubbed “Madame,” the device that killed thousands during the French Revolution

Aside from these “purifying” practices to cleanse the revolution of rabble and corruption, Robespierre helped promote efforts to change how people lived. Most famously, he supported changes in the calendar: 7 day weeks became 10 day weeks, the length of the year was altered, and the names of all the months were altered.

Here’s a table if you want to read, but because of this, many events of the French Revolution during and after Robespierre are referred to by weird names like “18 Brumaire.” Oh, and I forgot to mention his so-called “Cult of the Supreme Being,” which was basically a religion of worshiping reason.

Eventually, the deputies of the National Convention decided that Robespierre’s actions had gone too far. The war with Austria had recently ended in a military victory, but Robespierre was unwilling to suspend his wartime powers.

On 8 Thermidor, Year 2 (or 26 July, 1794), Robespierre made a paranoid and accusatory speech to the National Convention. He had made so many of these speeches before, almost each time meeting with thunderous applause, but this day was different. Robespierre hinted at the fact that he sought to target disloyal elements within the Revolution, leading the Convention to fear for yet more purges.

The next day, 9 Thermidor, saw Robespierre shouted down by a majority of the National Convention as he tried to defend himself. They all believed he was a tyrant, and an overwhelming vote was cast to arrest him and four other close associates. Later that day, they were sent off to prison.

But the prisons would not take him and complete the arrest. The five fugitives took up residence in the Hotel de Ville along with other Jacobin loyalists to plan their next move.

As they consulted, though, the National Convention, which was holding a late session, heard the news ...